Sympathetic Ganglia
Sympathetic ganglia are the clusters of neuronal cell bodies present at different locations. These are the locations where preganglionic and …
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Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Introduction to neurotransmitters and receptors Neurotransmitters are the chemical substances that bring about the transmission of information at the chemical …
Reflex Actions
Reflex actions are the rapid automatic and unconscious responses of the body to stimuli. They are a defense mechanism against …
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The parasympathetic nervous system, also known as the “rest and digest” system, is a crucial part of the body’s overall …
Muscle Spindles
Proper control of muscle contractility not only requires motor signals from the CNS but also feedback signals originating in the …
Functions of the Human Nervous System
The human nervous system is a complex network of neurons that extends throughout the body and performs the role of …
The Enteric Nervous System: Understanding the “Second Brain”
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is also known as the “second brain” because of its ability to function independently from …
Golgi Tendon Organ
The Golgi tendon organ is an encapsulated sensory receptor through which muscle tendon fibers pass before getting attached to the …
Oculomotor Nerve
A person went to an ophthalmologist and said, “Doctor! My vision has been impaired. I can’t focus properly, and I …